A Method: Fornix Depth Measurement in Ophthalmic Socket

Abstract

Several methods have been publicized to measure the fornix depth but the error in the measurement makes them inconvenient for the correct diagnosis of fornix depth in the eye. In view of the cruelty of disease the precise method is needed to correctly evaluate the fornix depth measurement. In this report, a novel approach is being addressed, to solve the depth measuring issue with the logical experimental design. The explanation with the proposed hypothesis is described here with the relevant scientific approach, the emphasis of certain advantages of the present invention over the conventional measurement approaches. In this case the diagnosis and the process of diagnosis should be accurate, but in the field of ophthalmology an accurate measurement of fornix depth without committing any error was a challenging task. So far in the development of the measurement of fornix depth is concern. Currently, we discussed a novel method for the measurements of fornix depth in ophthalmic eye, which will be beneficial to get the accurate value, however it was not possible in the previously reported methods. It will have many advantages over the existing methods.

  • Page Number : 11-15

  • Keywords
    Fornix depth measurement, Symblepharon, Ophthalmic eye/socket, Contrast (Radiopaque tropical dye) eye drop, Radiographic image

  • DOI Number
    https://doi.org/10.15415/jmrh.2018.51002

  • Authors
    Raj Kumar, Kavita Bhatnagar, Ashok Kumar Khurana2, Naveen Meena, Himanshu Tripathi

References

  • S., et al. (2003). “Role of amniotic membrane transplantation for conjunctival reconstruction in ocular-cicatricial pemphigoid.” Ophthalmology 110(3): 474–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(02)01892-4
  • Betharia, S. and H. Kumar (1988). “Surgical management of contracted socket.” Indian journal of ophthalmology 36(2): 79.
  • Chan, L. S., et al. (2002). “The first international consensus on mucous membrane pemphigoid: definition, diagnostic criteria, pathogenic factors, medical treatment, and prognostic indicators.” Archives of dermatology 138(3): 370–379. https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.138.3.370
  • Chang, J. H. and P. J. McCluskey (2005). “Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid: manifestations and management.”Current allergy and asthma reports 5(4): 333–338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-005-0078-9
  • Elder, M. J., et al. (1996). “Progression of disease in ocular cicatricial pemphigoid.” British journal of ophthalmology 80(4): 292–296. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.80.4.292
  • Faraj, H. G. and T. Hoang-Xuan (2001). “Chronic cicatrizing conjunctivitis.” Current opinion in ophthalmology 12(4): 250–257.https://doi.org/10.1097/00055735-200108000-00003
  • Foster, J. A., et al. (1999). “Reconstruction of the irradiated contracted socket with an expanded superficial temporalis fascial flap.” American journal ofophthalmology 127(5): 621–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9394(98)00429-2
  • Grob, S., et al. (2016). “Dry Eye Therapy.” Ophthalmic Disease Mechanisms And Drug Discovery: 97. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814663076_0005
  • Honavar, S. G., et al. (2000). “Amniotic membrane transplantation for ocular surface reconstruction in Stevens-Johnson syndrome.” Ophthalmology 107(5):975–979.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(00)00026-9
  • Hossain, P. (2011). The evil curse of ocular pemphigoid, Nature Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2011.181
  • Jutley, G., et al. (2016). “Upper and lower conjunctival fornix depth in healthy white caucasian eyes: a method of objective assessment.” Eye 30(10): 1351. https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2016.128
  • Kakizaki, H., et al. (2006). “Microscopic anatomy of Asian lower eyelids.” Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 22(6): 430–433.https://doi.org/10.1097/01.iop. 0000242182.96161.78
  • Kawakita, T., et al. “Measurement of fornix depth and area: a novel method of determining the severity of fornix shortening.” Eye 23.5 (2009): 1115. https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2008.205
  • Khan, I. J., et al. (2014). “Defining the limits of normal conjunctival fornix anatomy in a healthy South Asian population.” Ophthalmology 121(2): 492–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.09.033
  • Kim, C. Y., et al. (2014). “Postoperative outcomes of anophthalmic socket reconstruction using an autologous buccal mucosa graft.” Journal of Craniofacial
  • Surgery 25(4): 1171–1174. https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000000807
  • Kim, E. C. and C. S. Foster (2006). “Immunomodulatory therapy for the treatment of ocular inflammatory disease: evidence-based medicine recommendations for use.” International ophthalmology clinics 46(2): 141–164. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004397-200604620-00013
  • Klein, M., et al. (2000). “Reconstruction of the contracted ocular socket with free full-thickness mucosa graft.” International journal of oral and maxillofacial surger (2): 96–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0901-5027(00)80004-1
  • Kumar, R., et al. (2018). “An opinion: fornix depth measurement in ophthalmic socket.” JETIR1810016, 2349 5162.
  • Lukats, O. (2002). “Contracted anophthalmic socket repair". Orbit (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 21(2): 125–130.
  • Mavrikakis, I., et al. (2006). “Surgical management of the severely contracted socket following reconstruction.”
  • Orbit 25(3): 215–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/01676830600671383
  • Meller, D. and S. C. Tseng (1998). “Conjunctivochalasis: literature review and possible pathophysiology.” Survey of ophthalmology 43(3): 225–232.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-6257(98)00037-X
  • Mondino, B. J. and S. I. Brown (1981). “Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid.” Ophthalmology 88(2): 95–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(81)35069-6
  • Mondino, B. J. and S. I. Brown (1983). “Immunosuppressive therapy in ocular cicatricial pemphigoid.” American journal of ophthalmology 96(4): 453–459.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9394(14)77908-5
  • Mu, X., et al. (1999). “Surgical reconstruction of the contracted eye socket and orbitozygomatic hypoplasia in a one-stage operation.” Plastic and reconstructive surgery 103(2): 487–493. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199902000-00019
  • Paris, G. L. and W. G. Spohn (1983). “Repair of the contracted socket using RTV silicone as a stent for mucosal grafting.” Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers and Imaging Retina 14(8): 671–674.
  • Poonyathalang, A., et al. (2005). “Reconstruction of contracted eye socket with amniotic membrane graft.”Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 21(5):359–362. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.iop.0000179378.97762.c7
  • PUTTERMAN, A. M. (1985). “Reconstruction of the contracted ocular socket.” Australian and New Zealand journal of ophthalmology 13(2): 171–178.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9071.1985.tb00418.x
  • Radford, C., et al. (2008). “Presentation, Management and Disease Progression in Early Ocular Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid.” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 49(13): 802–802.
  • Rauz, S., et al. (2005). “Evaluation of mucous membrane pemphigoid with ocular involvement in young patients.” Ophthalmology 112(7): 1268–1274.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2005.01.039
  • Reeves, G. M., et al. (2012). “Ocular and oral grading of mucous membrane pemphigoid.” Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 250(4):611 -618.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-011-1853-z
  • Rose, G. E. (2004). “The giant fornix syndrome: an unrecognized cause of chronic, relapsing, grossly purulent conjunctivitis.” Ophthalmology 111(8):1539–1545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.01.037
  • Rose, G. E. (2005). “The Giant Fornix Syndrome: author reply.” Ophthalmology 6(112): 1173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.12.003
  • Rowsey, J. J., et al. (2004). “A New Method for Measuring Progression in Patients With Ocular Cicatricial Pemphigoid.” Archives of Ophthalmology 122(2):179–184. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.122.2.179
  • P. and G. Lee (2003). “Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid.” Clinical and Experimental Optometry 86(1): 47–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-0938.2003.tb03057.x
  • Saw, V. P., et al. (2008). “Immunosuppressive therapy for ocular mucous membrane pemphigoid: strategies and outcomes.” Ophthalmology 115(2): 253–261. e251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.04.027
  • Saw, V. P., et al. (2011). “Profibrotic phenotype of conjunctival fibroblasts from mucous membrane pemphigoid.” The American journal of pathology 178(1): 187–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.11.013
  • Schwab, I. R., et al. (1992). “Foreshortening of the inferior conjunctival fornix associated with chronic glaucoma medications.” Ophthalmology 99(2): 197–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(92)32001-9
  • Sherratt, M. J. (2009). “Tissue elasticity and the ageing elastic fibre.” Age 31(4): 305–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-009-9103-6
  • Shi, Y., et al. (2018). “Efficacy and adverse reactions of methotrexate in the treatment of ocular cicatricial pemphigoid: A case series study.” Medicine 97(38). https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000012338
  • Solomon, A., et al. (2003). “Amniotic membrane transplantation for reconstruction of the conjunctival fornices.” Ophthalmology 110(1): 93–100.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(02)01441-0
  • Tepelus, T. C., et al. (2017). “Characterization of corneal involvement in eyes with mucous membrane pemphigoid by in vivo confocal microscopy.” Cornea 36(8): 933–941. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0000000000001201
  • Tseng, S. C., et al. (2005). “Intraoperative mitomycin C and amniotic membrane transplantation for fornix reconstruction in severe cicatricial ocular surface diseases.” Ophthalmology 112(5): 896–903. e891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.11.041
  • Van Den Bosch, W. A., et al. (1999). “Topographic anatomy of the eyelids, and the effects of sex and age.” British journal of ophthalmology 83(3): 347–352. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.83.3.347
  • Williams, G., et al. (2008). “Presentation and disease progression in established ocular mucous membrane pemphigoid.” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 49(13): 803–803.
  • Williams, G. P., et al. (2011). “Evaluation of early and late presentation of patients with ocular mucous membrane pemphigoid to two major tertiary referral hospitals in the United Kingdom.” Eye 25(9): 1207. https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2011.175
  • Williams, G. P., et al. (2011). “Validation of a fornix depth measurer: a putative tool for the assessment of progressive cicatrising conjunctivitis.” British Journal of Ophthalmology 95(6): 842–847. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2010.188011

  • Published Date : 2018-10-08